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热门看点:MySQ 8.0 推出直方图,性能大大提升!

来源:博客园

作者:LuHengXing 链接:http://www.dbapub.cn/2020/09/01/MySQL8.0直方图/

查询优化器负责将SQL查询转换为尽可能高效的执行计划,但随着数据环境不断变化,查询优化器可能无法找到最佳的执行计划,导致SQL效率低下。造成这种情况的原因是优化器对查询的数据了解的不够充足,例如:每个表有多少行数据,每列中有多少不同的值,每列的数据分布情况。


(相关资料图)

因此MySQL8.0.3推出了直方图(histogram)功能,直方图是列的数据分布的近似值,其向优化器提供更多的统计信息。比如字段NULL的个数,每个不同值的百分比,最大/最小值等。MySQL的直方图分为:等宽直方图和等高直方图,MySQL会自动分配使用哪种类型的直方图,无法干预

  • 等宽直方图:每个bucket保存一个值以及这个值的累计频率
  • 等高直方图:每个bucket保存不同值的个数,上下限以及累计频率

直方图同时也存在一定的限制条件:

  • 不支持几何类型以及json类型的列
  • 不支持加密表和临时表
  • 无法为单列唯一索引的字段生成直方图

创建和删除直方图

创建语法

ANALYZE TABLE tbl_name UPDATE HISTOGRAM ON col_name [, col_name] WITH N BUCKETS;

创建直方图时能够同时为多个列创建直方图,但必须指定bucket数量,范围在1-1024之间,默认100。对于bucket数量应该综合考虑其有多少不同值、数据的倾斜度、精度等,建议从较低的值开始,不符合再依次增加。

删除语法

ANALYZE TABLE tbl_name DROP HISTOGRAM ON col_name [, col_name];

直方图信息

MySQL通过字典表column_statistics来保存直方图的定义,每行记录对应一个字段的直方图,已JSON格式保存。

root@employees 13:49:  select json_pretty(histogram) from information_schema.column_statistics where table_name="employees" and column_name="first_name";;{  "buckets": [    [      "base64:type254:QWFtZXI=",      "base64:type254:QWRlbA==",      0.010176045588684237,      13    ],  "data-type": "string",  "null-values": 0.0,  "collation-id": 255,  "last-updated": "2020-09-09 05:47:32.548874",  "sampling-rate": 0.163495700259278,  "histogram-type": "equi-height",  "number-of-buckets-specified": 100}

MySQL为employees的first_name字段分配了等高直方图,默认为100个bucket。

当生成直方图时,MySQL会将所有数据都加载到内存中,并在内存中执行所有工作。如果在大表上生成直方图,可能会将几百M的数据读取到内存中的风险,因此我们可以通过参数hitogram_generation_max_mem_size来控制生成直方图最大允许的内存量,当指定内存满足不了所有数据集时就会采用采样的方式。

root@employees 14:12:  select histogram->>"$."sampling-rate"" from information_schema.column_statistics where table_name="employees" and column_name="first_name";;+---------------------------------+| histogram->>"$."sampling-rate"" |+---------------------------------+| 0.163495700259278               |+---------------------------------+

从MySQL8.0.19开始,存储引擎自身提供了存储在表中数据的采样实现,存储引擎不支持时,MySQL使用默认采样需要全表扫描,这样对于大表来说成本太高,采样实现避免了全表扫描提高采样性能。

通过INNODB_METRICS计数器可以监视数据页的采样情况,这需要提前开启计数器

root@employees 14:26:  SELECT NAME, COUNT FROM INFORMATION_SCHEMA.INNODB_METRICS WHERE NAME LIKE "sampled%"\G*************************** 1. row *************************** NAME: sampled_pages_readCOUNT: 430*************************** 2. row *************************** NAME: sampled_pages_skippedCOUNT: 4562 rows in set (0.04 sec)

采样率的计算公式为:sampled_page_read/(sampled_pages_read + sampled_pages_skipped)

优化案例

复制一张表出来,源表不添加直方图,新表添加直方图

root@employees 14:32:  create table employees_like like employees;Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.03 sec)root@employees 14:33:  insert into employees_like select * from employees;Query OK, 300024 rows affected (3.59 sec)Records: 300024  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0root@employees 14:33:  ANALYZE TABLE employees_like update HISTOGRAM on birth_date,first_name;+--------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------+| Table                    | Op        | Msg_type | Msg_text                                              |+--------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------+| employees.employees_like | histogram | status   | Histogram statistics created for column "birth_date". || employees.employees_like | histogram | status   | Histogram statistics created for column "first_name". |+--------------------------+-----------+----------+-------------------------------------------------------+

分别在两张表上查看SQL的执行计划

root@employees 14:43:  explain format=json select count(*) from employees where (birth_date between "1953-05-01" and "1954-05-01") and first_name like "A%";{  "query_block": {    "select_id": 1,    "cost_info": {      "query_cost": "30214.45"    },    "table": {      "table_name": "employees",      "access_type": "ALL",      "rows_examined_per_scan": 299822,      "rows_produced_per_join": 3700,      "filtered": "1.23",      "cost_info": {        "read_cost": "29844.37",        "eval_cost": "370.08",        "prefix_cost": "30214.45",        "data_read_per_join": "520K"      },      "used_columns": [        "birth_date",        "first_name"      ],      "attached_condition": "((`employees`.`employees`.`birth_date` between "1953-05-01" and "1954-05-01") and (`employees`.`employees`.`first_name` like "A%"))"    }  }}root@employees 14:45:  explain format=json select count(*) from employees where (birth_date between "1953-05-01" and "1954-05-01") and first_name like "A%";{  "query_block": {    "select_id": 1,    "cost_info": {      "query_cost": "18744.56"    },    "table": {      "table_name": "employees",      "access_type": "range",      "possible_keys": [        "idx_birth",        "idx_first"      ],      "key": "idx_first",      "used_key_parts": [        "first_name"      ],      "key_length": "58",      "rows_examined_per_scan": 41654,      "rows_produced_per_join": 6221,      "filtered": "14.94",      "index_condition": "(`employees`.`employees`.`first_name` like "A%")",      "cost_info": {        "read_cost": "18122.38",        "eval_cost": "622.18",        "prefix_cost": "18744.56",        "data_read_per_join": "874K"      },      "used_columns": [        "birth_date",        "first_name"      ],      "attached_condition": "(`employees`.`employees`.`birth_date` between "1953-05-01" and "1954-05-01")"    }  }}

可以看出Cost值从30214.45降到了18744.56,扫描行数从299822降到了41654,性能有所提升。

参考资料:

https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/8.0/en/analyze-table.html#analyze-table-histogram-statistics-analysis https://mysqlserverteam.com/histogram-statistics-in-mysql/

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关键词: 查询优化 数据分布